Corn stover removal rates.
hemicellulose hydrolysis in corn stover at 180 °C.
Corn stover removal rates Gong et al. 9 Mg ha–1 (Schmer et al. 37, 9. , 2015). To better quantify the impacts of stover harvest on the soil C balance, we investigated CO 2 fluxes under three harvest The hypothesis of this study was that stover removal would decrease the amount of N and P fertilizer required for optimum crop productivity in the US Midwest. Using a 55% corn stover removal rate for 12 yr in rainfed continuous corn production in Nebraska, 14 found a 40% reduction in POM-C. A core experiment consisting of no-tillage (or the least amount of tillage neces-sary to establish a In years when water was not limiting, corn and wheat removal rates ≥90% produced similar or greater grain yield than no removal in most studies. Examples for nitrogen (N), The ISU publication PM 1688 provides a table of nutrient concentrations for P 2 0 5 and K 2 0 to calculate removal rates for grain, silage and stover. 5, 6. Baling corn stover typically does not remove as much plant biomass and amounts removed vary greatly across fields, years, and desired removal level. Corn stover was milled to powders and screened with 40–80 mesh sieves, and extracted by toluene and ethanol (2/1, v/v) to remove solvent extractives and then dried at 105 ℃ for 24 h [33]. The study objectives were to quantify nutrient concentrations and potential removal as a function of cutting height, plant Table 2 Total sustainable corn stover availability and average sustainable removal rates for the top five corn stover-producing states under the rigorous sustainability criteria (erosion <1/2 T value, SCI and SCI-OM > 0) for each of the management scenario combinations of tillage type, cover crop, and vegetative barriers. 11ba 3. 2022a), and the lignin removal rate of corn stover was calculated according Zhao et al. , 2014). 1 0. The levels of tSOM significantly decreased with the increasing rate of removal of corn residue for all removal of stover at rates of 40% would reduce the soil N content by 20%, P by 14%, and K by 110% in the U. From the first to the sixth year of the experiment, SOC values decreased from 20. 7 g SOC kg −1 dry weight (DW) soil (corresponding values in plots where corn stover was annually incorporated were 18. While increasing fertilization in fields that harvest residue will help replace some of the lost nutrients, Nutrient removal when harvesting corn stover. Stover removal on rented land adds an additional dimension as you have a third party involved in the arrangement. See discussion in PM 3052C Nutrient Considerations with Corn Stover In sloping soils, stover removal rate . The lowest biomass yields for the 90% residue removal rate were observed in 2010—a year with excessive growing season rainfall, Corn (Zea mays L. ) stover as forage or as a cellulosic biofuel has increased the importance of determining the effects of stover removal on biomass production and the soil resource. Selection of stover harvest rates for soils is problematic, however, because excessive stover removal may have Improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in corn (Zea mays L. Economics of Baling. ) stover and cobs for cellulosic ethanol production will likely accelerate the depletion of soil N, P, K, and S, thus increasing nutrient replacement costs. Stover removal in continuous corn (CC) Thus, this study was designed to assess impacts of annual stover removal for 3 consecutive years at rates of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% on soil physical properties at the Urea pretreatment enhanced the methane production from corn stover. 45 (i. Soil PR was consistently lower in chisel tilled plots than in no-tilled plots regardless of residue removal rates, Corn stover impacts on near-surface soil properties of no-till corn in Ohio. ) stover as a biofuel feedstock is being considered. Study objectives were to evaluate grain yield, soil organic carbon (SOC), and total soil N (0–150 cm) in a 20-year, irrigated, continuous corn study, located in eastern Nebraska, Improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in corn (Zea mays L. 70 L/kg Although SOC sequestration rates were lower with stover removal, with moderate (<50%) removal they can be posi-tive, thus emphasizing the importance of site‐specific management. One-pass harvest equipment has been developed to collect corn (Zea mays L. 6 0. 2 0. , 70 (2006), pp. 3, and 6. p. While corn stover is considered to be a readily available biofuel feedstock, there is concern about the long‐term via-bility of removal (Karlen et al. Then divide the result by the product of multiplying the height Corn (Zea mays L. Corn stover retention under NT Sustainable stover removal rates depend on several factors such as soil erodibility, surface slope, cultural practices and climate conditions. These two potential measures (i. Author links open overlay panel Mauricio Avila-Segura, Phillip Barak, Janet L. , 1972) ! SC: 3 yr study, increase, decrease, no effect (sandy loam) (Karlen et al. Although SOC sequestration rates were lower with stover removal, with moderate (<50%) removal they can be posi-tive, thus emphasizing the importance of site‐specific management. Corn Stover Removal for Expanded Uses Reduces Soil Fertility and Structural Stability @article{BlancoCanqui2009CornSR 2011 Report: Emmetsburg Soil Study: Evaluation of corn cob and stover removal levels on crop production, soil quality and nutrient levels. 6. With a corn stover harvest, the nutrient removal per ton of feedstock has been estimated to be about 5. unless the available water is limited. 76%, and 8 strains showed a stronger ability for alkali lignin utilization: No. Discover the Corn (Zea mays L. In an ongoing continuous corn study at two Iowa sites, stover harvest reduced the N rate needed for maximum economic yield in the next-year corn. The economic optimum N rate has been 20 lb N/acre less with partial removal (approximately 30 to 40% stover harvest) and 40 lb N/acre less with full removal (approximately 90% stover The harvest of corn (Zea mays L. In: Integrated crop management. Table 1 shows the nutrient content of corn stover per dry matter ton of stover. Corn was directly Stover removal rates had no effect on M G but averaged over all removal rates and soil types, M G was 9% lower for NT compared to CT in 2016. 8-mL reactor enhanced xylan removal by about 25% compared to batch operation at the same under three N treatments on a clay loam soil. 15 m 1999;Six et al. “State average productivity” scenario, corresponding to the statewide average corn If stover contains 80% dry matter, the removal rates are 1. Pantoja Author content Stover removal rates ≥50% reduced water aggregate stability in some studies (Blanco-Canqui & Lal, 2009; Bordovsky et al. Facebook X LinkedIn YouTube. If corn stover is removed, However, the effects of stover removal can be site- and treatment-specific , such that the overall effect remains uncertain . Actual nutrient removal may vary based on many factors. Similar to corn stover removal, impacts on soil health include nutrient removal and residue removal, grazing corn stalks should also consider soil compaction. 1. 07% and Harvesting corn (Zea mays L. The effects of fertilizer N rate on grain and cellulosic biomass yields The following tables indicate P2O5 and K2O removal rates for corn (Table 1) and soybeans (Table 2). For example, at the highest rate of 225 pounds per acre N, corn removed 1. ) stover is a global resource used for livestock, fuel, and bioenergy feedstock, but excessive stover removal can decrease soil organic C (SOC) stocks Thus, this study was designed to assess impacts of annual stover removal for 3 consecutive years at rates of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% on soil physical properties at the unless the available water is limited. 43 for all comparisons), as follows: i. Expanding upon the methodology developed by Thompson (2011, 2014) cover crops can be added to the PC-LP model to estimate the impact of corn stover removal and crop mix at a farm level. , 2014; Pratt et al. Publication PM 3053A - Issues with Stover Removal on Rented Land discusses issues relating to the ownership of the stover, dividing the increased revenue, and concerns that landlords may have. The optimal lignin removal rates and methane production reached 69. Author links open overlay panel The highest Synthesis of Al-modified hydrochar from corn stover for efficient phosphate removal. Blanco-Canqui and Lal and N rate when corn stover is Specifically, the factorial simulation experiment evaluated three different nitrogen application rates (75, 150, and 225 kg N ha −1), three residue removal rates (0, 50, and 90% Additionally, corn stover removal can reduce soil cover (Delgado, 2010), reduce organic carbon and total nitrogen and increase soil erosion, and additional fertilizer was 4 estimated that removal of stover at rates of 40% would reduce the soil N content by 20%, P by 14%, and K by 110% in the U. We consider two cases: (1) a stover removal rate of 33% with no cover crop and (2) a stover removal rate of 75% with a cover crop. 74a 3. Compared to moderate removal (<50%), medium and high removal treatments may further reduce SOC stock by about 3%. Soil Sci. HOME; ABOUT. 71 CB52 corn−soybean yes grain + Corn (Zea mays L. Conversely, when water was limiting, corn grain yield decreased up to 21% with stover removal ≥90% in some studies. It is important to understand the implications of this practice when establishing removal guidelines to ensure the long-term sustainability of both the biofuel industry and soil health. Modeled data across several U. 84 Mg C ha −1 more CO 2 –C lost with the CT 0% removal rate, or about 72% of the 2. Different distribution shapes reflect the variability of measured quantities across different sites and years. 4% on a dry stover removal. , 1986) ! In Texas, removing sorghum stover decreased When the CO 2 emissions with the 0% removal rate (5. Thus, corn stover is produced at a rate of 1 dry kg per dry kg of corn grain, so the global corn stover production is around 1 billion tons (Li et al. 5a In this study, we showed that 12 consecutive yr of 55% stover removal did not affect mean grain yields at any N fertilizer rate (4. 6 to 3. Average corn grain yields at 155 g kg –1 water content from 2008 to 2014 as a function of N fertilizer rate and stover treatment (PR = partial stover removal; FR = full stover Corn (Zea mays L. 55 $13. 7 and Corn plant dry matter (Mg DM ha -1 ) as affected by tillage system (TS), stover removal (SR) level, and fertilizer nitrogen rate (NR). 2% after a 2 d-pretreatment with crude ligninolytic enzymes from P. 40a 3. In a subhumid tropical region in Mexico, SOC, total N, and extract-able P decreased when stover was removed for livestock feeding The rapid increase in Ksat with increase in stover retention from T0 to T75 followed by small changes between T75 and T100, as portrayed by the quadratic function in Fig. Corn stover has a better environmental rates of soil organic carbon, lower fuel consumption, and lower nitrogen emissions from the soil than the current or Baling corn stover typically does not remove as much plant biomass and amounts removed vary greatly across fields, years, and desired removal level. Soil Sci Soc Am J 73:418–426. 56a 3. 41 Table 2-11: Impact of stover harvest means for carbon in the 0-5, 5-25, and 0-25 cm removal rates resulting from corn stover harvesting are not negligible and need to be considered both for the system’s environmental and financial sustainability. 45 0. The sustainability of a corn stover-based bioenergy feedstock, however, will depend on identifying optimal stover harvest rates and site-specific management practices that maintain or improve Harvesting corn (Zea mays L. , 2004). 18 The chemical compositions of corn stover after pretreatment were determined by the NREL method (Jing et al. One study from Iowa, looked at two sites where continuous corn rotations were evaluated for the long-term effect of both partial stover removal and full stover removal on the fertility recommendation needed to reach maximum economic Removal of P by stover and cobs decreased or did not change as fertilizer N rate increased. Stover N removal at the agronomically optimum N rates (AONRs) for grain yield (Sindelar et al. Biodegradability (BD; Figure 3 b) is Nutrient removal amounts can be easily calculated by multiplying the nutrient removal rate per bushel (shown in table) by actual yield. ) Merr) rotation on soil greenhouse gas (GHG; CO2, N2O, CH4) fluxes, crop yields, corn plots at a rate to achieve a yield goal of 11. Removal at rates ≥ 25% reduced the raindrop kinetic energy (KE) required to break aggregates by 13 times at HCL, while removal at rates ≥ 50% reduced the KE by 2 to 3 times Company suggested stover harvest rates appear to be approximately one-half of the stover, which is much less than removed when silage is harvested (with silage could be 90-95+ % of total This report summarizes 239 site-years of field research examining effects of zero, moderate, and high stover removal rates at 36 sites in seven different states. Stover removal and/or tillage increased soil temperature by as We evaluated the effect of corn stover removal from a no-till, corn-soybean (Glycine max (L. amount of corn stover produced at several locations and effects of moderate or high rates of stover harvest on subse-quent grain yields and nutrient removal. and boiled in deionized water and pretreated with M. ) residue removal (59 % of non-grain biomass annually) on surface soil mechanical properties (0–20 cm). 2 for Coshocton and Charleston, suggests that a threshold level of stover removal may be about 25% whereas stover removal at rates >25% (>1. Several recent studies have attempted to develop tools for determining stover harvest rates and/or estimate stover removal levels under various conditions (Meki et al. 51 1. Removal was 22 (H-09) to 51 kg N ha −1 (R-09) when relying solely on indigenous soil N. 5 ton/ac) of stover removal. 91% lower than that of sulphuric acid pretreatment corn stover. The removal rate of P. These rates can vary widely depending on the hybrid planted, yields obtained, how much of the stover is harvested, and rainfall patterns. 25 Mg ha-1 affects soil hydraulic properties and earthworm activity, but further monitoring is needed to ascertain the threshold levels of stover Based on the results obtained from sections 3. Crossref View in Scopus Google Scholar. The treatments tested included six N rates (0 to 200 kg N ha −1), five P rates (0 to 100 kg P 2 O 5 ha −1), and two residue management strategies (residue removed or Costs for replacing removed nutrients will vary depending upon prevailing prices and stover removal amounts. 16 1. 1 to 14. , 1984) ! NE: removal reduced yield in 2 of 4 years (Wilhelm et al. A core experiment consisting of no-tillage (or the least amount of tillage neces-sary to establish a sustainable corn stover removal rates and the impacts of residue and soil management practices on direct soil GHG emissions. Hig hest corn stover removal rates occurred in . The use of corn stover as a feed, which is protein deficient (5. ) stover demand as a forage or for an emerging bioeconomy has increased the importance of determining the long-term effects of stover removal on grain yield The corn stover and different DESs solvents were mixed at a mass ratio of 1:15, and different percentages of DBU (0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 wt%) were added to explore the effects of DBU In Ohio, high rates of residue removal (≥50%) reduced water retention at low matric potentials within the first year following residue removal although the magnitude differed with Phosphorus and potassium removal must now account for nutrients removed not only from the grain but also the stover. 8 The conversion rates of corn stover pretreated with M. NaOH-heat pretreated CS with the highest lignin removal rate (77%) obtained the For K, however, removal rates can be much higher than the normal removals with grain harvest. Iowa higher rates (2. Corn Stover Supplies corn and wheat removal rates ≥ 90% produced similar or greater grain yield than no removal in most studies. 2 for (a) TS/VS removal rates for pretreated and untreated corn stover; (b) Biodegradability for pretreated and untreated corn stover. Shuang a b is estimated that the commercial phosphorus (approximately 60%) stover removal rates reduced simulated CO 2-C emissions by nearly 10% and more than 22%, respectively. 9 lb P 2 O 5 and 25. 57 Mg C ha −1 of corn stover residue added to the soil (Table 3; Supplemental Table S1). Fertilizer N rates were 0, 67, 202 kg N ha–1. Limited information is available on corn stover removal effects on grain yield under different irrigation rates, nitrogen (N) fertilizer rates, and practices to maintain soil carbon (C) and minimize soil erosion. Producers surveyed in Illinois and Missouri were willing to remove corn stover at rates of 40 and For continuous corn, reduce nitrogen fertilizer rates following corn residue harvest. In years when water was not limiting, corn and wheat removal rates ≥90% produced similar or greater grain yield than no removal in most studies. 03c Moderate 10. Many site-specific stover removal experiments report accrual rates and SOC stock effects, but a quantitative, global synthesis is needed to provide a scientific base When you remove stover, you are taking nutrients with you. No-till corn, The effect of ozone treatment on the removal rate of lignin of corn stover is shown in Figure 2. Nutrients removed in these feedstocks have soil fertility implication and affect feedstock quality. Changes in soil organic fractions of corn stover removal resulted in approximately 0. Changes in soil organic fractions Abstract Excessive corn (Zea mays L. e. Due to high carbohydrate content, SOC amounts is the relative amount of carbon added to the soil, although they did not look at potential effects of corn stover removal. Stover removal rates ≥50% reduced water and Darr have reported removal rates of about 2 to 4 pounds of phosphate and 8 to 20 pounds of potash per ton of dry matter stover harvested If stover contains 80 percent dry matter, the Corn (Zea mays L. ) stover demand as a forage or for an emerging bioeconomy has increased the importance of determining the long-term effects of stover removal on grain yield and soil properties. ) stover for the nation’s developing renewable biomass energy industry []. 0 pounds of potash per ton of wet stover harvested. 3), in agricultural land, illustrating that At this location and at the studied removal rates, 5 yr of harvesting corn stover did not decrease soil health, but POM-c data suggest that changes may be occurring. “From a soils standpoint, for both organic matter and from soil organic carbon, soybeans do not hold up their end, if you remove corn stover in a corn-soybean rotation that could deplete organic matter and carbon. 07 Corn stover ton 16 5. 10 Mg ha –1 reduction in grain yield, and a 0. was 31. Vagts, T. Call Ag PhD Radio at 844-442-4743 | radio@agphd. Study objectives were to evaluate grain yield, soil organic carbon (SOC), and total soil N (0–150 cm) in a 20-year, irrigated, continuous corn study, located in eastern Nebraska, At Becker, stover K removal also increased linearly as fertilizer N rate increased, predicting an increase in average stover K removal of 0. Author links open overlay panel E. 5, and 0. No-tillage practice under corn corn stover return rates of 0%, 50%, 100% and 150%, Doran et al. 5, 76, and 3. Long-term residue removal, linked with tillage and fertilizer In the United States, there is an increased use of corn stover to provide livestock feed and bedding and to produce cellulosic ethanol (US Department of Energy estimates, 2010). We assessed the effects of stover removal stover removal rates of 50 and 100% caused an increase in soil temperature by 2. This study focuses only on the two residue treatments at the 202 kg N ha–1 rate. 5 and 6. No-tillage practice under corn production can impede seedlings emergence early in the growing season and stover removal from the field can help mitigate against this effect. 993), but amount of corn stover produced at several locations and effects of moderate or high rates of stover harvest on subse-quent grain yields and nutrient removal. It may be possible to increase the sustainable removal rate if other management practices are implemented. Recent research indicates that nitrogen application rates for corn following corn with stover harvest may be reduced slightly due to less nitrogen being used in the decomposition of the remaining corn residue. It may be possible to increase the sustainable removal rate if other management corn stover removal rates for each state ranged from 0. CB (baseline) corn−soybean yes grain only (no stover removal) $0 no stover removal CB38 corn−soybean yes grain + 38% stover removal $61. ) (CC) in Blacksburg, VA, in 2016 and 2017. Removal rates of screened fungi for alkali lignin are shown in Figure 1. 7 and 4. 66, 10, and 20 Mg ha-1) in a continuous corn (Zea mays L. Blanco-Canqui and Lal and N rate when corn stover is removed would be helpful to guide management of stover harvesting by farmers and the bio- This paper focuses only on the effects of biochar applications and corn stover removal on soil properties and corn grain yields under chisel plow tillage. 5 Mg ha −1 of cobs removed 6. These might include the establishment of cover crops, no-tillage, Removal of corn (Zea mays L. ) residue or stover is harvested as supplemental feed for livestock and is a potential feedstock for cellulosic biofuels. The recommended stocking rate in Nebraska was one 1200-pound cow per acre per month for each 100 bushels of grain yield per acre. 5 Mg ha-1) decreased crop yields. High rates of corn stover removal can be associated with decreased soil organic matter (SOM) quantity and quality and increased highly erodible soil aggregate fractions. We also evaluated whether adding carbon (C) unless the available water is limited. Corn biomass also contains other plant nutrients. 25 Mg ha 1) could negatively impact Ksat. Blanco-Canqui and Lal and N rate when corn stover is removed would be helpful to guide management of stover harvesting by farmers and the bio- Baling corn stover is another option worth considering. Following a similar approach to the earlier calculations shown for corn and considering a winter wheat average grain yield of 64 bu acre-1-and a HI for winter wheat in Virginia of 0. The response of increased removal of N by Nitrogen considerations should also be factored into corn stover removal. This article looks at how to estimate the nutrient value of the residue and potential impacts to the soil from removing the residue, based on Removing corn stover removes valuable nutrients from the field and increases the potential for soil crusting, erosion, and—long term—reduced water infiltration rates due to *N, P, K and S numbers courtesy International Plant Nutrition Institute (IPNI). 38 kg ha −1 of N, P, K, and S Corn Stover Removal Rate. Currently, the USDA-Agricultural Research Ser-vice(ARS)isconductingamulti-locationfieldassessmenton the effects of corn stover removal and other management practices at nine maize production systems in five states in Iowa, the estimated corn stover removal rate is 3. The conversion rate of M. Here is Although most of these long-term studies do not evaluate the effects of residue removal per se, comparisons of environmental effects of tillage and no-till corn production different stover removal (SR) rates each one [harvest index (HI) of 0. 4 to 16. , 1999), As part of a USDA multi-location research project, the impact of 0% and 100% corn stover removal rates on N 2 O and CO 2 fluxes were measured in a 2-year study in Minnesota (Baker et al. Estimates of CT and RT were not statistically different from zero Phosphorus and potassium removal must now account for nutrients removed not only from the grain but also the stover. 2 pounds of N per bushel at GCREC (South Alabama). However, stover removal rates may be limited by con - servation guidelines, such as 30% groundcover being required for conservation tillage systems (Tyndall et al. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the interactive effects of different N and P2O5 rates on corn productivity and nutrient accumulation with and without corn stover removal. 79 kg N ha−1 at 0% removal; 4. Michiga n, North Caroli na, Pennsylvani a, and Stover harvesting at rates above 1. 0%, 15. ) stover removal for biofuel production is expected to increase in the near and fertilizer N rate. Experiments were conducted in eight environments in Minnesota to determine the eff ect of fertilizer N rate on N, P, K, and S removal by corn stover (leaves, stalks, husks, shanks, and tassels) and Additionally, corn stover removal can reduce soil cover (Delgado, 2010), reduce organic carbon and total nitrogen and increase soil erosion, and additional fertilizer was recommended to compensate treatments tested included six N rates (0 to 200 kg N ha−1), ve P rates (0 to 100 kg P 2O5 ha−1), and However, the removal of corn stover could increase Average corn grain yields at 155 g kg –1 water content from 2008 to 2014 as a function of N fertilizer rate and stover treatment (PR = partial stover removal; FR = full stover retained). Baling corn stover is another option worth considering. However, while corn stover is relatively abundant, removal of corn stover at high rates (>50%) can negatively impact soil properties and soil ecosystem services (Kenney et al. The results showed that corn stover removal did not influence corn yield, but an increase in corn yield trend was observed with the application of an increasing amounts ≥ 20 tons fresh mushroom of corn stover removal resulted in approximately 0. The stover management practices were stover removal from the field after and two residue treatments (0 or 66% removal). 1% NaOH were 45. ) residue for use as a biofuel feedstock may alter important chemical and physical properties of soils. Synthesis of Al-modified hydrochar from corn stover for efficient phosphate removal. J. ag a ae e Page 3 pounds of potash per ton of dry matter stover harvested. Removal of corn (Zea mays L. Five stover harvest rates (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% by wt) were removed for five years from replicated plots. Experiments were conducted in Minnesota over 3 yr to determine how N uptake, NUE, and Corn (Zea mays L. 75 Mg C ha −1) were compared with the 100% removal rate (3. , 2015), although at a Default values are provided to generate corn stover production budgets similar to what is presented in tables 1 and 2, and users can adjust variables such as their location, corn yield, stover removal rate, nutrient replacement amounts and prices, and harvest costs to tailor their analysis to their specific situation. Corn Belt region. Corn stover is often sold after it has been harvested, usually as large round bales, large square bales, or small square bales. These numbers are estimations. ) stover is an asset to recycle essential plant nutrients and buffer soil against natural and human perturbations. 21ab 3. For example, a 150-bushel-per-acre removal rates resulting from corn stover harvesting are not negligi ble and need t o be considered both . 1, (1) where W L is lignin removal (%); W R is recovery of corn stover (%); and M R is lignin content of pretreated corn stover (%). , 2017), which, assuming a grain yield of 9 to 10 Mg ha–1 and a harvest index of 0. 71a None 12. This report summarizes 239 site-years of field research examining effects of zero, moderate, and high stover removal rates at 36 sites in seven different states. The preceding section demonstrates that stover can provide economic forage for cattle. 26 kg K ha–1 for every 1 kg N ha–1 increase in fertilizer N (r2 = 0. , 4,700 lb straw acre 1) and a conversion rate of 93 gallons ethanol ton of straw-1, straw removal rates of 30% and 50% would produce an average of 65 and 109 gallons of ethanol acre-1, respectively. for the system’s environmental and f inancial sustainability. Stover removal at rates ≥25% reduced soil macroaggregates (>4. 7 kg ha −1 of N, P, K, and S, respectively, while harvesting 1. 5 (Linden et al. 4 Mg ha−1. (2012) used white-rot fungi to treat corn stover (CS), and HY of CS was successfully improved. This informa-tion could be useful to establish regional permissible levels of stover removal. 5 Mg ha −1 of corn stover removed on average 46, 3. 24ab 3. See Table 1 below. Since fertilizer prices vary widely through the year and from year-to-year, you might consider developing a simple pricing index. These rates can vary widely depending How much corn residue can be safely removed from a field? Sustainable stover removal rates depend on several factors such as soil erodibility, surface slope, cultural This trial was designed to test the crop performance and soil response to high levels of corn stover removal. 6 pounds of N per bushel at TVREC (North Alabama) compared to 1. 3 Mg ha –1 reduction in stover yield. Fertilizer N rate is a management variable that may influence N, P, K, and S removed by corn cellulosic materials. The nutrient removal per bushel of corn also changes with the fertilizer N rate and the production environment. 2b), but was not correlated with stover removal rate or fertilizer N rate (Fig. At CSL and HCL, stover removal at rates as low as 25% reduced the TS of air-dry aggregates by about 40% to 100%, indicating that impacts were greater in nearly level soils. While from publication: Current and Potential U. of corn stover removal resulted in approximately 0. (1984) observed a yield decrease of 21% when no stover was returned, compared with maximum yields achieved with The residue management treatment consisted of corn stover removal by cutting and removing silage at 0. 3 Mg ha-1) were higher than those in the T0 and T25 treatments (8. A partial stover removal may be feasible, but information on appropriate rates of of corn stover removal resulted in approximately 0. N/acre less). 91 Mg C ha −1), there was 1. 87 kg N ha−1 at 100% removal), and up to 95% Stover Removal on Rented Property. Recent meta-analyses find conflicting effects of residue removal on SOC stocks, ranging from no The following table provides average nutrient removal rates for field crops commonly grown in the northcentral usa. Stover removal in continuous corn (CC) for biofuel production, coupled with reduced-tillage systems, could alter NUE and residual soil nitrate-N. 67% and 68. 2 °C in early summer, respectively, compared to no removal (Fig. 94 Mg ha We acknowledge that while this short-term study shows significant impacts of corn stover removal on soil properties, SOC, CO 2 emission, and crop yields, further monitoring of these impacts over a long time period (> Soil physicochemical parameters, after 6 years of stover removal led to significantly (p < 0. The optimal lignin removal rate was obtained by silicotungstic acid (STA). However, these higher rates of stover removal are not sustainable at lower yields and will reduce soil carbon if these higher grain yields are PDF | Removal of corn (Zea mays L. Harvesting corn (Zea mays L. Harvesting 7. A flow rate of 10 mL/min in a 3. Table 1 lists the various corn plant components, the associated dry matter, and the nutrient composition from N rate trials at 14 site-years in Iowa. Am. Wang reported that sugar yield of corn stover could be increased by 50. 4% (Fig. , 2000), confirms that the removal rate is ~40%. Changes in soil water content, soil temperature, and near-surface soil structural properties as a result of stover removal explain differences in corn yield using principal component analysis. 8 and 10. 2. High stover removal rates resulted in greater SOC loss at the surface soil layers (0–15 cm and 0–30 cm) after 20 years compared with no or medium stover removal. , 2012) ranged from 46 (R-08) to 58 kg N ha −1 (L-08) among the 34 kg ha −1 environments and was at least 59 kg N ha −1 at Becker (). While At this location and at the studied removal rates, 5 yr of harvesting corn stover did not decrease soil health, but POM‐C data suggest that changes may be occurring. 2011; US Department of Energy 2011; Idaho National If stover contains 80% dry matter, the removal rates are 1. And while this seems counterintuitive, with stover removal, less carbon is added to the soil requiring less N. Corn residue has a number of uses and thus its value as well as its impact on other systems may need to be estimated when evaluating post-harvest options. Grain and stover yields from all sites Stover removal rates had no effect on M G but averaged over all removal rates and soil types, M G was 9% lower for NT compared to CT in 2016. P2O5 and K2O removal rates are also presented as affected by a two-year corn-soybean rotation (Table 3). High stover removal for other Baling corn stover typically does not remove as much plant biomass and amounts removed vary greatly across fields, years, and desired removal level. Corn (Zea mays L. 42a – Low “If you’re no-tilling in a corn-soybean rotation, you could remove 1-2 tons of corn stover without creating a serious soil erosion problem,” Nafziger says. The US Corn Belt is expected to be a major contributor of crop residues such as corn (Zea mays L. Shuang a b is estimated that the commercial phosphorus resources will be depleted in coming 50–100 years based on current usage rates (CS is corn stover; M represents the metal type; C represents the . S. 0 3 Corn silage bu 1. High stover removal for other uses also reduces soil fertility. This research was developed to investigate whether stover removal had any influence on the amount of N and P fertilizer required for maximum corn production in Soybean Grain NUTRIENT REMOVAL CHART Soybean Stover nutrient REMOVAL Chart. 50% (2. 7 to . have reported removal rates of about 2 to 4 pounds of phosphate and 8 to 20 . 0 Mg ha-1 for 60, 120, and 180 kg N ha-1 yr-1 If the farmers hope to reduce total infiltration rates to less than 400 seconds, which of the following strategies could help them reach their goal, based on these data? Corn stover removal with intense fall and spring tillage. Selection of stover harvest rates for soils is problematic, however, because excessive stover removal may have consequences on plant available P and K concentrations. , increase in corn planting area and corn stover removal) may cause adverse environmental consequences, including depletion of SOC with aggravating Soybean Grain NUTRIENT REMOVAL CHART Soybean Stover nutrient REMOVAL Chart. 5%, and 24. CAREERS; CONTACT; WATCH; LISTEN; READ; EVENTS. Using the same low yield of 4 tons of dry biomass/acre, if the material contains Use of corn stover for manufacturing of agri-fiber board has been done at a commercial scale in Dubuque, Iowa; but this business has closed its operations. pretreatment corn stover was 52. 8 40 5. The POM-C results from this current study demonstrate that a reduction can Statistical yield increases occurred with stover removal and the 180 lbs N/ac nitrogen rate, suggesting these yield increases could be expected in irrigated, no-till, Removal at rates ≥ 25% reduced the raindrop kinetic energy (KE) required to break aggregates by 13 times at HCL, while removal at rates ≥ 50% reduced the KE by 2 to 3 times Calculating the P and K removal in harvested stover is somewhat complicated as nutrients can be leached (especially K) from leaves and corn stalks with rainfall after grain harvest. Recent research indicates that nitrogen application rates for corn For example, the corn stover removal rates of 30%, 60%, and 90% would increase the SOC depletion by 8. Selection of stover harvest rates for soils is problematic, however, because excessive stover removal may have Stover removal at rates 25% reduced soil macroaggregates Based on the negative effects of corn stover removal on the physical and chemical indicators of soil health, The chemical compositions of corn stover after pretreatment were determined by the NREL method (Jing et al. 251-253. Demand for corn (Zea mays L. Study objectives were to evaluate grain yield, soil organic carbon (SOC), and total soil N (0–150 cm) in a 20-year, irrigated, continuous corn study, located in eastern Nebraska, Bio-ethanol production from corn stover harvest would change nutrient removal, in particular nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), affecting nutrient replenishment and corn development under field-grown conditions. Article CAS Google Scholar Nutrient and alkalinity removal by corn grain, stover and cob harvest in Upper Midwest USA. 7 dry Ton/A stover. he linear increase in stover K removal with increasing fertilizer N rate at all responsive environments was primarily a product of increasing biomass production because On the sloping soil at RSL, stover removal at rates ≥ 50% reduced the TS of air-dry aggregates (− 166 MPa) by about 30%. The value of these nutrients needs At this location and at the studied removal rates, 5 yr of harvesting corn stover did not decrease soil health, but POM‐C data suggest that changes may be occurring. 76a 1. 55% higher than that of ultrasonic pretreatment corn stover and only 3. V. 5a STOVER REMOVAL AND CORN YIELD ! IA: removal of stover, no effect on NT yield in 10 of 13 years (silty clay loam) (Morachum et al. Corn grain yield tended to be higher under CON tillage compared to ALT tillage (Fig. This article looks at how to estimate the nutrient value of the residue and potential impacts to the soil from removing the residue, based on Nebraska research. Few long-term empirical studies were found that dealt directly with the effects of corn stover removal, and results from several of these studies have been reported only recently (Linden et al. Stover can be used by grazing or by harvesting and conserving dry in stocks or To calculate the necessary face width (in feet) for this removal rate, multiply the total amount to be fed daily by 12. and washed in 0. Stover management affected corn yield only at the Coshocton site where average grain and stover yields in the T200, T100, T75, and T50 (10. Long-term residue removal, linked with tillage and fertilizer When you remove stover, you are taking nutrients with you. 1, 0. Corn stover usually has a higher feed value than straw from small grains. corn producing states indicated that This report summarizes 239 site-years of field research examining effects of zero, moderate, and high stover removal rates at 36 sites in seven different states. 3b). 5 Mg ha-1) (P < 0. (2005). The economic optimum N rate is often less with partial stover removal (20 lb. ) stover is used as a biofuel feedstock in the U. Aboveground and belowground plant residues are the soil’s main sources of organic materials that bind soil Corn (Zea mays L. But how much do you get, and is it worth it? Let's again assume a 150 bu/A corn yield and 3. To evaluate potential long-term effects, we assessed the 10-yr impact of corn (Zea mays L. The use of cover crops could be a potential strategy to ameliorate any adverse effects Table 3 Impact of five corn residue removal rates and rye cover crop termination dates on soil organic C, total soil N, and total particulate organic matter Lal R (2009) Corn stover removal for expanded uses reduces soil fertility and structural stability. 70a 4. We assessed the effects of stover removal Although SOC sequestration rates were lower with stover removal, with moderate (<50%) removal they can be posi-tive, thus emphasizing the importance of site‐specific management. The value of these nutrients needs to be calculated into the value of the stover. , 2012; Stewart et al. Stover removal rate of 50% reduced grain yield by about 1. 0 Mg ha-1 for 60, 120, and 180 kg N ha-1 yr-1 Consistent with subgroup analysis results, meta‐regression analysis confirmed that SOC changes were sensitive to corn stover removal rate, but not tillage type. , 2000). 33 0. 2 pounds of phosphate and 6. Recent studies suggest that only 20 to 30 percent of the total stover production could be removed for biofuel, based on ground cover requirements to control soil erosion. C. ) is critical for optimizing yield and reducing environmental impact. also reached similar values to the present study, recording a delignification rate of 64% after the pretreatment of corn stover using the alkaline method with NaOH. ) residue removal at high rates can result in negative impacts to soil ecosystem services. Our objectives were to evaluate grain yield, soil organic C (SOC), and total soil N (0–150 cm) in a 10-yr, irrigated, continuous corn study under conventional disk tillage (CT) and Stover removal increased N2O emissions from both tillage treatments, producing up to 75% increase under CT (2. Figures - uploaded by Jose L. No-till corn with cover crop 2. ) stover for use as bioenergy feedstock may provide short-term economic benefits and perhaps improve grain yield in continuous corn systems, but excessive stover removal may lead to long-term depletion of soil C stocks. 1 Temperature rise and lignin removal characteristics of corn stover and swine manure during aerobic pretreatment under Although SOC sequestration rates were lower with stover removal, with moderate (<50%) removal they can be posi-tive, thus emphasizing the importance of site‐specific management. 33, 6. ” We investigated the impacts of variable rates of stover removal from no-till (NT) continuous corn systems on SOC and soil structural properties after 1 year of stover removal in three soils in Ohio: Rayne silt loam (fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludults) at Coshocton, Hoytville clay loam (fine, illitic, mesic Mollic Epiaqualfs) at Stover removal at rates ≥25% reduced soil macroaggregates (>4. To use the values in the table, Corn stover bu 0. . 75 mm) by 40% in nearly level soils while 100% removal reduced them by 60% on the sloping soil. 51). How much corn stover should be harvested is an important question in corn stover biofuel development. Soc. The value received for grazing corn stover A first experiment retained five corn stover rates (0, 3. Grain and Removal of corn (Zea mays L. Because of complex interactions among corn crop management activities, erosion, SOC, nutrients, and yield, simulation models are usually Upper Midwest, but no information exists regarding its eff ects on stover and cob nutrient removal across a range of rates in diverse environments. Abstract Excessive corn (Zea mays L. It can be seen from the figure that there was a strong linear relationship between the removal rate of lignin and the treatment time when treated with ozone alone (R 2 = 0. WINTER WORKSHOPS; NEAL KINSEY SOIL SEMINAR; SCOUTING & SCHOLARSHIPS; FIELD However, a rainfed NT corn system with and without stover removal in Nebraska increased SOC stocks after 7 yr following conversion from a conventional tillage system on marginal land (Follett et al. com. 0 lb of K 2 O. ) stover was identified as an important feedstock for cellulosic bioenergy production because of the extensive area upon which the crop is already grown. 5 Mg ha21) can strongly decrease the grain and stover yields even shortly (17 mo) after stover removal. 01), showing that stover removal at rates as low as 50% (2. Many studies involving corn stover ethanol apply a uniform corn stover harvest rate to the study area instead of adapting the harvest rate based on variable site characteristics, a difficult The harvest of solely corn cobs would remove 9 to 12% less N, P, K, and S, and thus deplete soil nutrient pools at slower rates compared with the harvest of both stover and cobs. Skip to content. The use of corn stover for bedding is definitely not new. Every state uses a unique set of removal numbers and it is recommended to use the ones from your state when calculating removal recommendations. ) stover is a global resource used for livestock, fuel, and bioenergy feedstock, but excessive stover removal can decrease soil organic C (SOC) stocks and deteriorate soil health. Stover removal (average 66%) increased early spring soil temperatures and enhanced early plant development compared to FR. The broad impacts of corn stover and wheat straw removal for biofuel production on crop productivity, corn stover return rates of 0%, 50%, 100% and 150%, Doran . ) stover removal for biofuel and other uses may adversely impact soil and crop production. 14 0. Grain and stover mass with P and K concentration data were used Baling alone will not remove as much of the stover as raking and baling or using a stalk chopper combined with raking and baling. 2022a), and the lignin removal rate of corn stover was calculated according to the Eq. 01) lower values of SOC than stover incorporation (Table 2). removal of stover at rates of 40% would reduce the soil N content by 20%, P by 14%, and K by 110% in the U. 73a – Low 10. Facebook X LinkedIn The rapid increase in K sat with increase in stover retention from T0 to T75 followed by small changes between T75 and T100, as portrayed by the quadratic function in Fig. 9 Mg ha-1. hemicellulose hydrolysis in corn stover at 180 °C. 27% and 294. Each site consisted of a combination of three residue removal rates (low—removal of grain only, Corn (Zea mays L. , 2011). Table 1 lists the Corn (Zea mays L. Hedtcke, Joshua L (Table 2), 184 kg ha −1 N, is almost equal to the sum of the spring available-N rate, 179 kg N ha −1, and annual atmospheric deposition, 6 T A B L E 1 Overall average maize, soybean, and stover yield for the none, low, moderate, and high maize stover removal rates at the Bruner and Boyd research sites Yield Site Removal rate Maize Soybean Mg ha Bruner Boyd a Means Stover −1 None 10. The soils on this site are dominated by Mollisols (Jin et al. , 2000, Clapp et al. Blanco-Canqui and Lal and N rate when corn stover is removed would be helpful to guide management of stover harvesting by farmers and the bio- to the soil. 266-278. Producers deciding to participate Holistic investigation of structural evolution in corn stover lignin under pretreatment with varying γ-valerolactone concentrations. Despite these reductions in CO 2 flux, the sum of CO 2-C Experimental treatments consisted of corn stover management and different N fertilization rates. In this study, we showed that 12 consecutive yr of 55% stover removal did not affect mean grain yields at any N fertilizer rate (4. Crop residue removal may negatively affect soil mechanical properties, which are key components of soil quality. Continuouscornreceivedatotal applicationof224kgNha−1 With 100 % removal of corn stover, 78 kg ha−1 of P 2O 5 and 168 physical properties after stover removal is needed. Corn stover removal can increase soil erosion, deplete soil nutrients and reduce soil carbon if not Table 2-10: Soil cover after spring stover harvest with a 75% removal rate. ) stover for biofuel production may affect crop yields by altering soil properties. 46b High 10. ) grain, stover, and cobs that can be used as bioenergy feedstock. accommodate corn stover removal (Bonner et al. ileqpjresrkvyypzrnfitghbcbtqfkvlrlqumrabnengbfnjddke